|
Direct –
Intended & obviously human related |
 |
Reclamation loss
Replacement of mangrove/ salt marsh/ saltpan habitat
in coastal areas with various construction and development
structures/sites – port, industry, urban. |
|
Direct damage.
Dieback/damage/loss of mangrove/saltmarsh habitat caused by
access, cutting, root exposure, sediment disturbance, root
burial, ponded pastures & agricultural encroachment (different
to 3 since change was intended). |
|
Direct –
Unintended & obviously human related |
 |
Restricted tidal exchange
Dieback/ damage of mangrove/ saltmarsh habitat associated
with construction and development projects often resulting
in impoundment (comparable with 2, but unintended in this
case). |
 |
Spill damage.
Dieback/damage of mangrove/saltmarsh following incidents/
accidents involving spills of toxic chemicals in estuarine
waters (compare with 7, but not associated with river flow
events). |
|
Indirect
– Unintended & less obviously human related |
|
Depositional gains and losses
Mangrove gains & losses at estuary mouths, & areas
behind groins and training walls. Also includes dieback/damage
of mangrove/ saltmarsh associated with sediment burial. |
|
Nitrogen excess
Dieback/damage of mangrove/saltmarsh associated with excess
algal growth on breathing roots (different to 8 by association
with nutrients enhancing epiphyte growth insitu). |
|
Not obviously
human related, if at all - Natural Impact |
|
Species-specific effect
Dieback/damage of sensitive mangrove species associated with
toxic chemicals brought downstream in run-off water (different
to 4 by association with river flow events). |
 |
Wrack accumulation.
Dieback/damage of mangroves associated with build-up of beach
wrack (like dead algae, Lyngbya, seagrass) on breathing roots,
and localised impoundment (compare with 6, but accumulations
derived elsewhere). |
 |
Herbivore/insect attack
Dieback/ damage of mangroves associa-ted with excessive herbivore/insect
attacks on foliage or tree stems. |
|
Storm damage
Dieback/ damage of mangroves/saltmarsh associated with severe
storm activity and incidents. |
|
Ecotone shift
Dieback/ damage of mangroves/saltmarsh asso-ciated with climate
change. ‘Wetland Cover Index’ reflects shifts
in ecotones as bands of dieback or recruitment within the
tidal zone. |
 |
Zonal shift
Dieback/ damage of mangroves/saltmarsh associated with sea
level change. Shift in the entire tidal wetland (mangrove/saltmarsh)
zone, being uni-directional beyond upper and lower elevational
limits. Involves encroachment of mangrove into adjacent habitat. |